What is Vertical Design Construction
The term “vertical design construction” describes the stage of a construction project that mostly involves the assembly and installation above the ground level. It’s the process of building a project’s visible, above-ground components. It is totally opposite to horizontal construction, which concentrates on building infrastructure such as utilities, roads, and foundations.
Vertical design construction focuses on building above-ground components, including building frames, interior and external elements, and specialized structures like crane towers and scaffolding.
Some of the examples of Vertical design construction include:
- Building erection: Typically, vertical construction starts with the construction of building frames, which comprise walls, columns, and support structures.
- Interior and external elements: This includes installing exterior and interior components. Examples could be doors, windows, cladding, floors, roofs, and building systems.
- Specialized construction: In addition to erecting high-rises, towers, and other elevated structures, vertical construction can also involve crane towers, scaffolding, lifts, etc.
In the blog, we delve into the Vertical architecture design in construction in detail. Their advantages and design consideration associated with them.
Vertical Construction vs Horizontal Construction
Key Differences in Project Management
Vertical and horizontal construction projects differ significantly in their management approaches. Vertical construction typically involves building structures that rise above ground level, such as skyscrapers and residential towers. These projects often require specialized equipment like tower cranes and have a more complex vertical logistics chain. In contrast, horizontal construction focuses on ground-level projects like roads, bridges, and pipelines, utilizing different types of heavy machinery and requiring extensive land area management.
Unique Challenges in Vertical Construction
Vertical construction presents unique challenges not encountered in horizontal projects. These include:
- Wind load considerations at higher altitudes
- Complex elevator and mechanical systems design
- Stringent fire safety and evacuation planning
- Structural integrity concerns for tall buildings
- Specialized foundation requirements to support vertical loads
Advantages of Vertical urban design and planning in Construction
The whole foundation of vertical planning and city design is based on a notion that land is a limited resource. The ideal tall building design is intended to accommodate the growing population within the land area limitation and offer the following benefits –
Cost savings on spatial usage
One of the most well-known benefits is cost savings. These buildings are in cities; residents may choose to live closer to their places of employment or education. This translates into time and money savings on transportation. As a result, the amount of noise and pollution caused by moving vehicles and continuous traffic flow is reduced.
Building vertically allows for the transfer of costs to the customer despite the higher initial cost. There are also significant savings in infrastructure, water services, maintenance, surveillance, waste collection, sewage, public lighting, and road paving. This approach can reduce public expenditure expenses by as much as 70% due to savings in infrastructure, water services, maintenance, and other public amenities.
Reducing negative effects on the ecology
Rapid horizontal expansion in cities has caused significant environmental harm. It has led to the preference for vertical building to reassess society and prevent further damage. Numerous locations have been compelled to ascend due to the importance of protecting the green spaces surrounding some cities.
Vertical construction helps in reducing negative environmental impacts by minimizing the need for horizontal expansion and preserving green spaces.
Ensuring better quality of life
Vertical design constructions for housing are considered a strong strategy to improve the lives of citizens in general. This concept of life refers to all facets of the human being to satisfy their material, psychological, social, and economic needs.
Enhanced accessibility for necessary amenities
Vertical design in construction aims to serve highest population possible and provide constant accessibility to public services, primarily located in urban sprawl. Location accessibility is also a considerable criterion when choosing a vertically structured area, including access to employment, schools, banks, etc.
It enhances the quality of life by providing better accessibility to necessary amenities such as employment, schools, and public services.
Establishing design modernity
Not to mention, as demands have changed over the past 30 years, modernization and the lifestyle of the present generation have altered, rearranging priorities. Since there are fewer families in today’s world, vertical housing models are seen as a trend for contemporary living.
Examples of Vertical Construction Projects
Residential High-Rises
Residential high-rises are becoming increasingly popular in urban areas. These structures often feature amenities like rooftop gardens, fitness centers, and communal spaces to enhance residents’ quality of life. For example, the 432 Park Avenue in New York City stands at 1,396 feet, offering luxury apartments with panoramic views of the city.
Commercial Skyscrapers
Commercial skyscrapers dominate the skylines of major cities worldwide. These buildings often serve as headquarters for large corporations and include advanced technological features. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai, standing at 2,717 feet, is a prime example of a mixed-use skyscraper, housing offices, residences, and hotels.
Mixed-Use Developments
Mixed-use vertical developments are gaining traction, combining residential, commercial, and sometimes even industrial spaces within a single structure. These projects aim to create self-contained communities, reducing the need for transportation and promoting a more sustainable urban lifestyle. The Shanghai Tower, at 2,073 feet, exemplifies this trend with its mix of offices, retail spaces, and public areas.
Design consideration while tall building construction
Designing for vertical construction is a process which requires consideration of multiple criteria. Be vertical mixed-use buildings or vertical residential towers, one must take care of design, structure, and building systems all together for a sustainable living approach.
Evaluation of construction Site and Adherence to Regulations
Understanding and accounting for the geological reality and local compliance requirements specific to the building site are essential for successful construction projects. It is important to confirm compliance with height constraints, local design preferences, and other standards.
Designing for vertical construction requires careful evaluation of the construction site and adherence to local regulations, including geological and compliance considerations.
In terms of geology, you need to gather survey information on the area’s capacity to support the weight of tall structures, such as soil stress strain, groundwater dynamics, etc.
Prioritizing the building’s structural integrity
Structural integrity is the capacity of a structure and its constituent parts to bear loads—including their own weight—without deteriorating. It guarantees that the building will function as intended for the duration of its intended lifespan, if it is subjected to a fair load.
To ensure structural integrity, make sure elements like the building’s capacity to support loads are being thoroughly checked. The possibility of inner load-bearing structures collapsing puts the building’s structural integrity at risk of failing. Its ability to support loads both vertically and horizontally is a must.
For vertical structural engineering, basics are not enough to ensure the job. One must seek for an innovative structural solution for the design and ambition devised.
Make sure that components like your building’s load-bearing capability and spatial stiffness are checked twice to guarantee structural integrity. The building’s structural integrity is at risk due to the potential for interior load-bearing structures to fall out of place. Therefore, it is necessary to verify its vertical and horizontal load-bearing capacities.
For vertical structural engineering, basics are not enough to ensure the job. One must seek for an innovative structural solution for the design and ambition devised.
Optimizing Building systems Design
One of the trickiest interior design components in high-rise building architecture may be MEP infrastructure. MEP engineering encompasses three technical domains: mechanical, electrical, and plumbing.
These fields deal with the systems that enable buildings to be occupied. MEP systems convert empty buildings into warm, inviting spaces that can be lived in, whether it’s a 50-story skyscraper or a lab. MEP systems comprise the following:
- Lighting
- Elevators
- Telecommunications Infrastructure
- Heating
- Water Supply and Management Fire Protection
- Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
- Systems for Waste Disposal
For example, an HVAC system needs a ducting system to deliver air to every level and room of the structure. The HVAC system also must be connected to the electrical and water supply/management systems.
Achieving energy efficient design
An appropriate MEP design may enhance energy efficiency. If you are responsible for getting your high-rise LEED certified, you will need to figure out how to lower the building’s water and power usage.
For instance, an office building’s HVAC system may use up to 39% of the energy used overall (lighting uses 25%). An under-floor air distribution (UFAD)-based HVAC system can save energy expenses by up to 30%. By utilizing elevated access floors, UFAD systems diffuse air from the floor level, or nearest to the occupant, hence reducing energy use.
Developing for inhabitants’ comfort
It is important to consider both enhanced designs for thermal and acoustic comfort as well as good indoor air quality (IAQ) to maximize occupant comfort. A well-designed HVAC system can take care of all three.
For example, a UFAD-based HVAC system uses the warm air’s natural upward movement to heat the space by diffusing it from the floor, which is closest to the person. It is not necessary for the residents to turn on their fans nonstop (or tolerate the noise) to remain warm.
In a similar vein, dirty air from rooms must be replaced with newly conditioned air using HVAC systems with ductwork.
Vertical design for a greater aesthetic appeal
Design and material choice have an impact on the building’s external aesthetic appeal. Raised access flooring can be utilized to store electrical wires and cables and HVAC ducting in interior design to provide a clean, organized look and save up floor space.
It is evident that high-rise building design is significantly influenced by HVAC systems. However, including HVAC systems into your building’s design is a difficult undertaking that might cause delays and cost overruns.
Placing sustainability and sensitivity to the environment
The energy savings from an efficient HVAC system, when combined with other strategies like promoting natural sunshine, will make your building more environmentally friendly.
Only the HVAC system will cut down on water and power waste. To enhance sustainability, choose eco-friendly vendors and products like insulated concrete forms and recycled steel.
Integrating technology for enclosures
Like low-rise buildings, curtain walls are commonly used as the enclosure system in high-rise structures. But because of the consequences of vortex shedding and increased wind pressure, stronger glass is required. Sealants also need to be given greater attention.
The greater area of enclosed surfaces necessitates consideration of thermal movements in addition to wind- and seismic-induced motions. The interior finishes of high-rise buildings are quite like those of low-rise buildings.
Putting up equipment for life safety
Same as life safety systems in low-rise structures, staircases function as vertical emergency exits. In the event of a fire, all elevators automatically shut down to save people from being trapped within.
Emergency generators can be used to free those who are stuck in elevators because of a power loss. Generators also power other vital building systems, such as fire pumps and emergency lights. Sprinklers are commonly used but if not needed, water is supplied to fire hose cabinets using a separate pipe system with electric pumps. Additionally, there are external connections for mobile fire truck pumps at street level.
Transportation design in Vertical Form
In high-rise buildings, vertical transit systems are essential. On lower floors, escalators are utilized to transport large crowds of people over short distances.
There are a few retail and educational buildings with 10-story escalators. The roped elevator is the primary vertical transit device in tall structures. The elevator is powered by a direct current electric motor. Wire ropes that span several sheaves at the motor and the cab are used to raise and lower the cab within a shaft. Energy is saved because the ends of the ropes are attached to a sliding counterweight that moves up and down the same shaft as the cab.
Industry Outlook for Vertical Construction
Growing Demand in Urban Areas
The vertical construction industry is experiencing significant growth, driven by increasing urbanization and population density in major cities. According to recent data, the US construction sector represents 4% of the nation’s GDP and employs 5% of the country’s workers, with an average growth rate of 2.2%. Construction spending in the US stood at $1.98 trillion in August 2023, a 7.4% increase from the previous year, driven primarily by nonresidential construction.
Technological Advancements Shaping the Future
The future of vertical construction is being shaped by technological advancements. Building Information Modeling (BIM), artificial intelligence, and robotics are revolutionizing design and construction processes. These technologies are improving efficiency, reducing costs, and enabling more complex and sustainable designs. However, the industry faces challenges, including a labor shortage, with 350,000 job openings in August 2023, and rising wage rates that increased by 5.2% year-over-year.
Future of vertical living spaces
With growing human population, vertical building designs are expected to prevail more in urban development. But this also creates a possibility of high amount of building wastes from single sources of high-rise architecture. Therefore, the future of sustainable vertical architecture is vertical green building designs.
Below we discuss some technologies which could aid in prominence of sustainable vertical building design.
IoT Sensors
The Internet of Things (IoT) is being used to enhance the functionality of smart skyscrapers (skyscraper designs), transforming modern high-rise buildings into smart platforms. IoT technologies monitor performance, detect inefficiencies, and facilitate decision-making. Buildings contribute 37% of global carbon emissions and reducing energy waste is crucial for meeting net-zero emissions targets. IoT sensors provide real-time data on occupancy levels, energy usage, and occupant health, while smart alerts trigger remedial action.
Eco-friendly materials
Using locally produced materials during construction helps lessen the impact that vertical development has on the environment. One of the tallest structures in New York, the Bank of America Tower was constructed using 40% locally sourced materials. This helped in minimizing embodied energy and emissions caused by bringing in materials from further away.
Vertical Farming Architecture Design
Source: issuu.com
Office usage rates have increased by nearly 50% in 10 major cities, prompting cities to turn underutilized office spaces into vertical farms. Also, urbanization is causing a loss of green land globally, leading to the development of vertical farming. Vertical farming or vertical architecture design can produce as much produce as traditional farming methods in urban areas and smaller spaces, using up to 95% less water and energy.
This method also aims to improve air quality in streets, public spaces, and homes. Vertical farming can address heat island effects by using green facades and absorbing excess moisture. However, it requires intricate irrigation systems and requires regular maintenance. Additionally, restaurants can grow their own ingredients in vertical container farms, ensuring local, low-emission products.
Financing Vertical Construction Projects
Unique Considerations for Tall Building Financing
Financing vertical construction projects presents unique challenges and considerations. These projects often require substantial upfront capital due to their scale and complexity. Developers and investors must consider factors such as longer construction timelines, higher risk profiles, and the potential for market fluctuations during the extended development period. Innovative financing models, such as public-private partnerships and mixed-use development strategies, are becoming increasingly common to mitigate risks and attract investment.
Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies
Risk assessment is crucial in vertical construction financing. Key risks include market volatility, construction delays, cost overruns, and regulatory changes. To mitigate these risks, financiers often require:
- Comprehensive feasibility studies and market analyses
- Phased funding releases tied to construction milestones
- Contingency reserves for unexpected costs
- Pre-leasing or pre-sale agreements to ensure demand
- Experienced development teams with proven track records in high-rise construction
Collaboration in Vertical Construction
Integrated Project Delivery Approaches
Vertical construction projects benefit significantly from integrated project delivery (IPD) approaches. IPD fosters collaboration among all stakeholders – architects, engineers, contractors, and owners – from the early stages of design through completion. This collaborative approach helps in:
- Identifying and resolving potential issues early in the design phase
- Optimizing building performance and efficiency
- Reducing change orders and delays during construction
- Improving overall project outcomes and stakeholder satisfaction
Coordinating Multiple Trades and Specialties
Coordinating multiple trades and specialties is a complex aspect of vertical construction. It requires:
- Advanced scheduling and logistics planning
- Clear communication channels among all team members
- Use of digital collaboration tools> – Implementation of clash detection software to identify and resolve conflicts between different building systems
- Regular coordination meetings to ensure all trades are aligned
- Specialized training for workers in high-rise construction techniques
Regulatory Challenges in Vertical Construction
Vertical construction projects often face complex regulatory challenges, particularly regarding height restrictions and zoning laws. These regulations vary significantly between cities and can greatly impact project feasibility. Developers must:
- Conduct thorough research on local zoning ordinances and building codes
- Engage with city planners and zoning boards early in the project
- Consider creative solutions like air rights purchases or zoning variances
- Balance design ambitions with regulatory constraints
Compliance with International Building Codes
As vertical construction projects often push the boundaries of building technology, compliance with international building codes is crucial. This involves:
- Adhering to stringent safety standards for fire protection, structural integrity, and emergency evacuation
- Implementing advanced building systems that meet or exceed code requirements
- Regular inspections and certifications throughout the construction process
- Staying updated on evolving building codes and incorporating changes into ongoing projects
Innovative Materials in Vertical Construction
High-Strength Concrete and Steel Advancements
The development of high-strength materials has been crucial in enabling taller and more efficient vertical constructions. Recent advancements include:
- Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) with compressive strengths exceeding 150 MPa
- High-strength steel alloys that allow for thinner structural elements and increased floor space
- Composite materials that combine the benefits of both concrete and steel
Smart Materials for Enhanced Performance
Smart materials are revolutionizing vertical construction by enhancing building performance and sustainability:
- Self-healing concrete that can repair its own cracks
- Photovoltaic glass that generates electricity while serving as a building facade
- Phase-change materials that help regulate indoor temperatures
- Nanomaterials that improve the strength and durability of construction materials
Vertical Construction and Urban Planning
Impact on City Skylines and Infrastructure
Vertical construction significantly impacts urban landscapes and infrastructure:
- Reshaping city skylines and creating iconic architectural landmarks
- Increasing population density, which can strain existing urban infrastructure
- Necessitating upgrades to transportation systems, utilities, and public services
- Altering wind patterns and sunlight exposure in urban areas
Creating Sustainable Vertical Communities
Modern vertical construction aims to create sustainable, self-contained communities within urban environments:
- Incorporating mixed-use designs that combine residential, commercial, and recreational spaces
- Implementing green building practices to reduce energy consumption and environmental impact
- Designing vertical gardens and sky parks to increase green spaces in urban areas
- Focusing on community-building amenities to foster social interaction among residents
Further Reading
